Antiviral agents for treatment of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates


By www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The virus herpes simplex (herpes) causes a rare but devastating disease in the newborn that can range from skin and eye infection to shock, organ failure, brain infection, and death. Newborn herpes infection is an uncommon complication of active genital herpes in the mother around the time of delivery or after direct contact with a herpes blister ("fever blister", "cold sore") of an infected caregiver. We reviewed five studies conducted to assess the effects of antiviral agents (medications that reduce the spread of virus in the body) on mortality and long-term complications of herpes disease in the newborn. Antiviral agents were shown to reduce mortality from the condition, but the reduction was not statistically significant due to the small number of infants in the study. There was insufficient trial data to guide caregivers regarding the duration of antiviral therapy or dose.

Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a rare but serious neonatal pathogen. Prior to the availability of antiviral drugs the mortality associated with all but localised neonatal infection was high, with 85% of infants with disseminated HSV infection and 50% of infants with encephalitis dying by one year of age. The morbidity in the survivors of multiorgan infection was also high, with up to 50% experiencing long-term neurological sequelae.

Objectives: To determine the effect of antiviral agents in the treatment of neonatal HSV infections on mortality, progression of disease and neurodevelopmental sequelae at approximately one year. The secondary objective was to assess the effect of antiviral agents on major complications associated with the use of these agents including nephrotoxicity and bone marrow suppression.

Search methods: Trials were identified by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2008), MEDLINE (1996 - Nov 2008), EMBASE (1982 - Nov 2008) and reference lists of published trials.

Selection criteria: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of antiviral therapy in infants less than one month of age with virologically proven HSV infection were included.

Data collection and analysis: Data were extracted and the analyses performed independently by two review authors. Studies were analysed for methodological quality using the criteria of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. All data were analysed using RevMan 5.1. When possible, meta-analysis was performed to calculate typical relative risk, typical risk difference, along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Main results: Two eligible studies of a total of 273 infants were included. Both studies were randomized controlled trials. One study treated 63 infants with vidarabine or placebo (Whitley 1980) and the other study treated 210 infants with aciclovir or vidarabine (Whitley 1991).

In the study comparing vidarabine with placebo (Whitley 1980), infants with all forms of neonatal HSV disease were included [disseminated disease, central nervous system (CNS) disease alone, and skin, eye and mouth (SEM) disease].There was no significant reduction in the risk of mortality when analyzed as an entire group; however, mortality was significantly reduced when data from infants with CNS disease or disseminated disease were combined. There was no difference in the rate of neurological abnormalities in survivors at one year when analyzed as an entire group or by disease category.

There was no difference between aciclovir and vidarabine (Whitley 1991) in preventing mortality from neonatal HSV disease, in preventing disease progression, in reducing the incidence of neurological abnormality at one year, or in the incidence of drug-induced renal or bone marrow toxicity. In infants with SEM disease, there was no significant difference in neurological outcome with aciclovir compared vidarabine treatment. Both drugs were well tolerated in the newborn period.

Authors' conclusions: There is insufficient trial evidence to evaluate the effects of antiviral agents with controls or with each other. The rarity of the condition makes effectively powered clinical trials difficult to perform. The efficacy of newer antiviral agents with better bioavailability (e.g. valaciclovir, valganciclovir) for the treatment of neonatal disease needs to be evaluated in randomised trials. The efficacy of oral formulations need to be evaluated as they may be useful for infants with skin, eye or mouth HSV disease or in the treatment of infants with recurrences after the neonatal period.

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0012614/

Saturday, May 16, 2026

Lamotrigine (Lamictal) - Seizures - Patient guide - What to expect

Lamotrigine treatment planning is defined by one central rule: dose increases must follow a strict timetable to reduce rash risk while still moving toward seizure control. This makes treatment decisions more schedule-driven than with many other antiseizure medications. Clinicians begin with low introductory doses and increase gradually over weeks. The exact schedule changes depending on concurrent therapy. Valproate slows lamotrigine clearance and requires lower starting doses and slower escalation, while enzyme-inducing medications may require faster or higher target pathways. Because of this complexity, prescription labels, follow-up timing, and patient education are critical. If several doses are missed, restarting at the prior full dose may be unsafe, and retitration is often needed. Patients should contact the prescribing team before resuming after an interruption. In practice, lamictal-lamotrigine treatment decisions also consider seizure pattern, cognitive demands, and mood history. Lamotrigine can be attractive for patients sensitive to sedation or weight gain, and it may provide added benefit in those with bipolar-spectrum depressive vulnerability. Monitoring focuses on symptom trajectory and early warning signs rather than routine blood-level targets. Patients are instructed to report rash, mouth sores, fever, or facial swelling urgently. Most reactions are mild, but serious events require rapid medical evaluation. Combination therapy choices are guided by interaction profile and seizure burden. Lamotrigine is often paired with medications that offer complementary mechanisms when monotherapy is insufficient. Care teams balance efficacy gains against added complexity in dosing schedules. Successful initiation usually depends on practical adherence tools. Weekly pill organizers, phone alarms, and printed titration calendars help patients avoid accidental jumps or skipped stages. Family involvement can be especially helpful during the first two months. If treatment goals are not met, clinicians reassess adherence, sleep quality, trigger exposure, and comorbid stress before concluding medication failure. This structured approach avoids premature switching. For broader epilepsy strategy comparisons and follow-up planning resources, patients can explore the seizure medication support library and discuss individualized next steps at neurology visits.

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